Human cases of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius with probable transmission between companion animals to humans in Saskatchewan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A zoonosis is an infectious disease transmitted to humans from animals. These diseases spread a variety of ways including through direct or indirect contact, vectors, or through foodborne or waterborne sources. Humans and animals have existed in close proximity for thousands of years, but within the last century, the relationship has changed from utilitarian to companionship. Particularly, humans rely on companion animals, specifically dogs, and occasionally cats, for physical, social or emotional support. Humans live in close proximity to their pets, providing multiple opportunities for the pathogen to be transmitted from animal to human. Pets live in our homes. This relationship change is not without increased risk, and as such, pathogen exchange is inevitable. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a well - known commensal organism of dogs, and occasionally other animals, but also a canine opportunistic pathogen. Since 2006, S. pseudintermedius have been increasingly recovered from invasive/superficial infections in humans. It remains unclear if this is due to technological advancements in clinical microbiology, increased pathogenicity for humans or close proximity of humans and animals living together. Reports of this organism being recovered from specimens from humans might suggest an increased prevalence in human infections and/or improved diagnostics leading to more accurate identification. Its increasing presence in humans questions the relatedness between organisms collected from both human and their animal companion (s). Diligence by laboratories in correctly isolating and identifying this pathogen is essential for optimal patient care. We present a collection of human cases of S. pseudintermedius infections including evidence of transmission of S. pseudintermedius strains from family pets to their owners. We present evidence of transmission in these cases through antimicrobial susceptibility/resistance profiles and pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius infections were identified by either MALDI – TOF MS or Vitek II. Susceptibility testing was manually completed via microbroth dilution methods according to CLSI guidelines. No infections resulted in patient death. Accurately identifying S. pseudintermedius infections is important for proper patient care, especially if patients have underlying medical conditions. Health care providers may then educate patients on proper interactions with animals, including proper hand washing to prevent further transmission of potential infections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".