Lifestyle habits and their relation to insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in youth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Decreased insulin sensitivity and impaired pancreatic B-cell function have been identified as key components in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Understanding how to best measure insulin dynamics in epidemiologic studies in youth, and determining how lifestyle habits influence these measures are essential to the development of preventive strategies for at risk youth. Objectives: 1) To identify the best measures of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion that can be used in large epidemiologic studies in children 2) To determine how physical activity, fitness, sedentary behavior, and macronutrient intake are associated with these measures of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in children 3) To determine if lifestyle habits predict insulin sensitivity over a 2 year period in childrenMethods: For the first objective, 20 healthy children with normal glucose metabolism (9 boys and 11 girls, mean (SD) age: 9(2) years) were studied. Each child underwent a 3-hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp study (gold standard for measuring insulin sensitivity), an insulin modified minimal model FSIVGTT, and a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Various measures of both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion were calculated, and correlations against the reference method were established using Spearman's rank correlations. For objectives 2 and 3, data were drawn from the baseline and first follow-up assessments of the QUALITY cohort, which includes 630 Caucasian youth (aged 8-10 years at recruitment) with at least one obese biological parent. Measures of insulin sensitivity and secretion were derived from fasting data and OGTT data. Fitness was measured by VO2 peak; percent fat mass (PFM) was measured by DXA; 7-day moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was measured using accelerometry. Screen time was determined by the average daily hours of self-reported television, video game or computer use. Multivariable linear regression models were adjusted for age, sex, season and puberty. Non-parametric smoothing splines were used to model non-linear associations between lifestyle habits and measures of insulin sensitivity or secretion. Results: Several measures of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion derived from the OGTT, as well as from fasting-based data, performed well against the reference methods. Physical activity and screen time were associated with insulin sensitivity both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. This association was largely mediated by adiposity. Fitness was independently associated with insulin sensitivity. Finally, dietary composition was not associated with insulin sensitivity or secretion in children.Conclusions:The OGTT allows the estimation of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in youth and is the method that most closely mimics normal physiology. Lifestyle habits play an important role in insulin dynamics in youth, with adiposity however showing the greatest influence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".