Lignin as a reinforcement for PP based composites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lignin is a polyol and also polyphenol in plant stem and the second most abundant natural polymer coming only next to cellulose. It is an attractive biomass since it is readily available and relatively inexpensive. Currently lignin is mostly used to be burned for energy or to recover for chemicals. Significant research interest has been focused on utilizing lignin as a polymer or filler since last century. However the properties of the lignin based composites by adding lignin as particulate filler to a second polymer are far from satisfactory, due to the complex and heterogeneous structure and chemistry of lignin which are highly dependent on the lignin sources and processing conditions. In this study, the PP lignin composites were extruded in a twin screw extruder. The effects of lignin concentration and lignin type (kraft-wood and soda-rice) on the morphology and performance of PP lignin composites were systematically investigated, and the effect of coupling agent types was also evaluated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".