Low-Temperature Deformation of Mixed Siliciclastic & Carbonate Fault Rocks of the Copper Creek, Hunter Valley, and McConnell Thrusts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study analyzes the low-temperature deformation of fault rocks associated thrust faults.Each fault has dominantly carbonate rocks in one wall and dominantly siliciclastic rocks in the other.The rocks from the Hunter Valley and Copper Creek thrusts of the Southern Appalachians, and McConnell thrust of the Canadian Rockies, were analyzed using data extracted at the thin section and SEM scale.The rocks, all of which featured a fine-grained carbonate matrix surrounding larger carbonate and siliciclastic carbonates, all experienced general shearing, but deformed by different deformation mechanisms.The Hunter Valley and McConnell samples showed evidence of cataclasis, diffusive mass transfer, diffusion accommodated grain boundary sliding and, in the case of the Hunter Valley fault rocks dislocation creep.The Copper Creek samples, by contrast, deformed primarily via plastic processes such as diffusion mass transfer and dislocation creep, and showed no evidence of cataclasis.Within the Hunter Valley and McConnell fault rocks, brittle processes such as cataclasis seemed to dominate at the thin section scale but SEM data supported ductile deformation of the fine matrix material.In each case, analysis of fabrics defined by grain orientations found that the rocks were deformed under general shear conditions and moderate convergence angles, although the Hunter Valley rocks showed evidence for a strong simple shear component of strain and relatively low (37 o to 48 o ) while rocks from the Copper Creek and McConnell thrusts experienced roughly equal pure and shear strain components and showed evidence for higher convergence angles ( 51 o to 59 o and 61 o to 68 o , respectively).The findings of this study highlight the complicated nature of fault rock deformation as well as the difficulty of situating fault rocks within schemes of fault rock nomenclature, which are largely genetic in nature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".