Physical controls on water migration in elemental sulphur blocks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Elemental sulphur (S⁰) is produced from processing bitumen from the oil sands region, Alberta. Long term storage of this S⁰ is under consideration. The objective of the current study was to determine the controls on water migration in variably saturated S⁰ blocks. Based on visual observations of S⁰ blocks, they were characterized as a hydrophobic fractured porous media. Thus, measurements of the hydraulic characteristics, including porosity (n) and hydraulic conductivity (K) of the matrix and the fractured media, were undertaken. These data were used to create characteristic relationships of unsaturated K (Kunsat) and volumetric moisture content (θ) change with change in positive injection pressure (Ψ). Analyses showed that the mean total matrix n (nₘ) was 0.094 ± 0.035 (n = 280), the mean n available for water migration (nₐ) was 0.065 ± 0.044 (n = 8) and the mean (geometric) K for the matrix was 2.0 x 10⁻⁶ ± 2.1 x 10⁻⁶ ms⁻¹. In the case of vertical fractures, the aperture frequencies were measured to be 2.5, 10.0 and 21.0 m⁻¹ for fractures with apertures > 1.4, 1.4 to 0.6 and < 0.6 mm respectively while the frequency of horizontal fractures, were measured to be 1.7 and 3.7 m⁻¹ for with apertures > 1.4, and < 1.4 mm respectively. The fracture n (nᶠ) was determined to be 0.0135. θ – Ψ relationships were determined for both the fractured and non fractured media. From these plots, water entry values of 9 mm and 1 m were determined for the fracture pore space and the matrix pore space, respectively. Simulations of packer tests resulted in a bulk saturated Kᵇ) values ranging from 8.5 x 10⁻⁵ to 2 x 10⁻⁴ ms⁻¹ above 9 m depth and 3 x 10⁻⁶ to 1.5 x 10⁻⁵ ms⁻¹ below 9 m depth. Coupled Kunsat – Ψ and θ - Ψ relationships were used to conceptually describe water migration in S⁰ blocks under different precipitation and mounding conditions. These plots also showed that the Kᵇ is dominated by the fractures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".