Roles of xenin in the regulation of energy balance: central nervous system control of food intake and body weight by xenin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Xenin, a gastrointestinal peptide, is structurally similar to neurotensin which functions as a satiety factor via neurotensin receptor 1 (Ntsr1). Metabolic effect of the adipocyte hormone leptin is partially mediated through the Ntsr1 and interleukin 1 type I receptor (IL-1RI) in the central nervous system (CNS). Xenin reduces food intake when administered centrally and peripherally. Apart from its acute feeding-suppressing effect, the distinct metabolic action of xenin and the mechanism of xenin-induced anorexia remain to be elucidated. We hypothesized that prolonged xenin treatment reduces food intake and body weight and increases energy expenditure. We also hypothesized that xenin reduces food intake by activating CNS signalling pathways including Ntsr1 and IL-1RI and by interacting with leptin. To address these hypotheses, we examined (1) the effect of xenin treatment on food intake, energy expenditure and body weight in wild-type, Ntsr1-deficient and IL-1RI-deficient mice, (2) the effect of xenin on hypothalamic Fos and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) expression in wild-type mice, and (3) the effect of co-injection of xenin and leptin on food intake and body weight in wild-type mice. Daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) xenin treatment (6-10 days) significantly reduced body weight gain and adiposity with a transient reduction in food intake in wild-type mice. Xenin treatment (i.p.) caused a significant reduction in respiratory quotient without changes in energy expenditure. Xenin treatment increased hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) mRNA levels and reduced acyl-coenzyme A: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) mRNA levels in white adipose tissue. Xenin (i.p.) increased the number of Fos-immunoreactive cells in the hypothalamus and the brainstem and increased hypothalamic IL-1β mRNA levels. The anorectic effects of xenin and leptin were abolished or attenuated in mice lacking Ntsr1 or IL-1RI. I.p. co-administration of xenin and leptin caused greater reductions in food intake and body weight compared to leptin alone and xenin alone. These data suggest that long-term xenin treatment reduces body weight by reducing food intake and increasing fat oxidization. Xenin reduces food intake by activating CNS signalling pathways involving Ntsr1 and IL-1 possibly through the interaction with leptin. These findings implicate xenin and its downstream mediators as potential targets for anti-obesity drugs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".