Root-associated organisms of the Cypripedioideae (Orchidaceae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
All orchid species are associated with fungi and other organisms during their life cycles. A review of the literature on genera in the Cypripedioideae (Slipper orchids) indicated that few species of 'Cypripedium' have been studied in terms of root-associated organisms and features of root anatomy that may be related to colonization of roots by these organisms. Likewise, there are few data on the microorganisms associated with the roots of ' Paphiopedilum' and 'Phragmipedium', two subtropical/tropical orchid genera in Cypripedioideae. Field samples of roots of five ' Cypripedium' species from Manitoba and Ontario showed high levels of colonization by mycorrhizal fungi. Microorganisms isolated into sterile culture included several fungal species known to be mycorrhizal with orchids, dematiaceous fungi, including 'Phialocephala fortinii', cyanobacteria, algae and bacteria. Roots of all 'Cypripedium' species had an exodermis of suberized cell walls that may limit the ingress of most microorganisms into the cortex. Isolates of 'Epulorhiza' sp., a known mycorrhizal fungal genus, affected colonization of protocorms of 'Cypripedium reginae ' differently depending on culture substrate. A large experiment to test the effects of various root-associated organisms on the growth of sterile-raised ' C. reginae' seedlings showed that 'Epulorhiza' sp. increased shoot phosphorous and the number of roots. One bacterial isolate showed positive growth effects similar to those caused by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs). Many organisms, including mycorrhizal fungi, other fungi, cyanobacteria, algae and ciliated protozoans were isolated from within the multilayered epidermis (velamen) of roots collected from greenhouse-grown species of 'Paphiopedilum' and 'Phragmipedium'. Mycorrhizal fungi were also localized within the cortex. The diversity of root-associated organisms shown in this study should be taken into consideration during the commercial propagation of these genera and the reintroduction of seedlings into field sites during conservation programs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".