The relationship between C-reactive protein and depression in older adults: associations with incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Depression among older adults is a growing public health concern worldwide. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms remain elusive among older adults, where depression often occurs in co-morbidity with chronic medical conditions such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Inflammation has been posited to be involved in depression and in diabetes. Evidence has shown that a higher concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of inflammation, is associated with depressed mood and T2DM.Objectives: The first manuscript is a systematic review and meta-analysis that seeks to review and summarize the evidence on the relationship between CRP and depression in a general population of older adults (50 years and older). The second manuscript is a longitudinal study that aims to examine the bidirectional association of high CRP levels with elevated symptoms of depression among older adults. The third manuscript is a longitudinal study designed to assess the joint association of high CRP and depressive symptomatology with diabetes incidence in a community sample of older adults. Methods: The systematic review identified cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in scientific databases, and the meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects models. The two original research studies used data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), a prospective study of community-dwelling older adults. Logistic and Cox proportional hazard regressions were conducted while adjusting for socio-demographic, lifestyle, and clinical variables. Results: From the meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies, we observed a weak but positive correlation between CRP and depressive symptoms that was attenuated in the most adjusted model. From the meta-analysis of prospective studies, there was a small positive correlation between CRP levels at baseline and depressive symptoms at follow-up. In the first ELSA study, a high CRP level at baseline was associated with elevated depressive symptomatology at follow-up but was attenuated after adjusting for metabolic and co-morbidity factors. An association in the opposite direction was not observed. Lastly, older adults with both high CRP levels and elevated depressive symptoms were at risk for T2DM. Conclusion: The associations between depressed mood, diabetes, and CRP are complex and multifaceted. Higher CRP levels are associated with depressive symptomatology in a general population of older adults, but this association involves interplay with metabolic and chronic health conditions. Further research is required to broaden our understanding of the inflammation, depression, and diabetes relationship, thereby allowing opportunities for clinicians and researchers to explore new avenues for research, prevention, and treatment of these conditions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.020 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".