Road Embankments on Seasonally-Frozen Peat Foundations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Muskeg or peat deposits cover large areas in northern Manitoba. Test sections of a newly constructed highway on peat were instrumented to investigate their performance and to develop more economical means of construction method. Test Section ‘A’ was constructed with geotextile base layer while Section ‘B’ was with geotextile and corduroys (timber logs). The test sections were constructed during winter for ease in mobilizing construction equipment at the site when the ground was frozen and were instrumented to observe its behaviour and performance. Settlements were measured using monitoring plates and pins. Ground temperatures were measured using thermistors. Porewater pressures were measured using vibrating wire piezometers. Peat in the study area has an average thickness of 4m, with the upper layer classified as fibrous and the lower layer as amorphous with strong to complete decomposition. Standard laboratory tests were conducted on bored samples from the site. Hydraulic conductivity tests were carried out at different vertical pressures to determine its permeability. Thermal conductivity was determined at frozen and unfrozen state of peat. Conventional incremental oedometer tests were conducted to determine the compressibility parameters and secondary compression indices of the peat layers. Constant-rate-of-strain (CRS) tests were also performed to supplement the results obtained from the conventional method. Isotropically-Consolidated Undrained (CIŪ) triaxial tests were carried out to determine the shear strength of peat. A commercially-available computer program was used in the numerical modelling to simulate the field performance of the instrumented sections. The results from numerical modelling were reasonably close to the measured values in the field. Laboratory-scale physical modelling was undertaken to understand further the operating mechanisms involved in the performance of the two test sections under a more controlled environment. Artificial transparent clay that has similar deformation properties with most of the natural clays and peats was used as foundation material. It allows determination of spatial deformations beneath the embankment using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. The load-settlement behaviour in the field was also reasonably simulated in the laboratory-scaled physical model. Deformation patterns from PIV indicate that embankment with geotextile layer and corduroy has smaller settlements and lateral movements in the foundation compared to that of the embankment with only geotextile layer.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".