Terapihund som tiltak for elever med sosiale og emosjonelle vansker
Bibliographic record
Abstract
I denne masteroppgaven er det gjort en systematisk litteraturgjennomgang som undersøker problemstillingen: Hvordan kan terapihund bli benyttet som et verktøy i skolen for elever med sosiale og emosjonelle vansker? I tillegg til dette sees det på hvilke sosiale og emosjonelle ferdigheter som kan utvikles ved å bruke terapihund. Det har blitt mer oppmerksomhet rundt det at barn og unge har psykiske plager og lidelser. Sosiale og emosjonelle vansker er en form for psykisk plage, men ikke en diagnose i seg selv. Relasjonen vi mennesker har til hunder har gitt oss mange goder og vi bruker dem innenfor mange ulike felt. I løpet av de siste årene har terapihunder blitt mer brukt i Norge. I denne litteraturgjennomgangen er det gjennomgått totalt seks empiriske forskningsartikler fra USA og Canada. Grunnen til at det er valgt litteratur fra disse to landene, er at det er en mer etablert praksis å benytte dyreassisterte intervensjoner der enn i Norge. Studiene er ulike i utvalg og hva de har som formål å undersøke, men en fellesnevner er at de ser på hvordan sosiale og emosjonelle ferdigheter utvikles hos elever i samvær med terapihunder. De seks studiene ble sammenliknet ut ifra hvilken kontekst den dyreassisterte intervensjonen ble gjort, formålet med intervensjonen, hvordan hunden ble brukt som et verktøy og hvilke sosiale og emosjonelle ferdigheter som var formålet å utvikle. Resultatene fra litteraturgjennomgangen tyder på at sosiale og emosjonelle ferdigheter som empati, respekt, relasjoner, motivasjon, kommunikasjon, konsentrasjon, selvkontroll, selvtillit og ansvar, kan påvirkes positivt hos elever ved å arbeide sammen med terapihund. Det er mange måter å benytte en terapihund på, og en av de mest vanlige er at eleven øver på triks og koser med den. Utfordringer knyttet til å ta terapihunder inn i skolen kan oppstå, som for eksempel aksept fra skoleledelse, ansatte og foresatte, renhold, og risiko for skade både hos elever og hunder. Til tross for ulike utfordringer og ulemper, er det mye som tyder på at å bruke terapihunder for elever med sosiale og emosjonelle vansker kan utvikle deres sosiale og emosjonelle ferdigheter og dermed redusere vanskene.\n\n\nThis master thesis is a systematic review that investigates “How can therapy dogs be used for elementary school students with emotional and behavioral disorders”. In Norway emotional and behavioral disorders are not a diagnosis, however it is in USA and Canada. Emotional and behavioral disorders is a broad definition. Therapy dogs is a definition of the use of a dog in animal-assisted-interventions. Animal-assisted-interventions is a common designation for three categories, animal-assisted-activity, animal-assisted-therapy and animal-assisted-pedagogic. In this thesis animal-assisted-therapy and animal-assisted-pedagogic is the focus. This review is based on American and Canadian literature, as it was assumed that there would be relevant research form these two countries. There are six empirical articles that is reviewed, these studies have been conducted in USA and Canada. The studies have a variety in their sample and purpose, however they have in common that they examine how students social and emotional skills develop in the presence of therapy dogs. The six studies were compared based on the context in which the animal-assisted intervention was conducted, the purpose of the intervention, how the dog was used, and which social and emotional skills that was aimed to develop. The literature review shows the social and emotional skills such as empathy, respect, relationships, motivation, communication, concentration, self-control, self-confidence, and responsibility were developed by the students that participated in the studies. Since the studies differ in approach and purpose, it is not possible to say which form for animal-assisted intervention that is the most efficient. How the animal-assisted-therapy should be designed, will depend on the challenges the student has. There are challenges associated with bringing a therapy dog into schools, such as acceptance form school leadership, staff, and parents, cleanliness, and the risk of injury to both students and dogs. Despite the various challenges and disadvantages, there are arguments for using therapy dogs to develop social and emotional skills for students with emotional and behavioral disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.035 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.084 | 0.028 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".