Unmet healthcare needs in Ireland. ESRI Research Bulletin 2016/06
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Relatively high user charges for GP consultations (for those without a medical/GP visit card) and long waits for public hospital services can act as barriers to accessing needed care in Ireland. However, there has been relatively little research on unmet healthcare needs in Ireland. In 2014, approximately 38 per cent of the population had a medical card, while 3.5 per cent had a GP visit card. Cardholders are eligible for GP care without fees and there has been previous evidence that non-cardholders may not visit a GP because of cost (O’Reilly et al. 2007). Approximately 42 per cent of the population hold private health insurance, which is mainly used to provide cover for private or semi-private acute hospital services, thereby avoiding potentially long waits for public hospital services. While those with a medical card can purchase private health insurance, the numbers doing so are relatively small. There is also a group of people without private health insurance and/or a medical card. This paper examines how these differing levels of cover for medical care may affect the experience of unmet need for care in Ireland.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.035 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".