Use of phase angle in lieu of critical crack tip opening displacement for asphalt binder specification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The road pavement sector in countries with cold climates such as Canada currently faces a significant problem with the construction of asphalts demonstrating less than optimal long-term performance. Therefore, attention should be paid to the asphalt binder acceptance criteria used. This study considers how phase angle specification limits can be used in lieu of Critical Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) as a more practical asphalt binder acceptance property. Two sets of binders were tested using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer to determine the resistance to fatigue cracking, permanent deformation, performance at high, intermediate and low temperatures. The Double-Edge-Notched Tension (DENT) test was performed to measure the ductile strain tolerance in the presence of critical tensile stresses. Subsequently, DENT parameters of binders were compared with limiting temperatures where the phase angle reached either 30° or 45° to check for a possible correlation. The results showed promising ability of 30° phase angle temperature to evaluate the strain tolerance of asphalt binder. These results showed that 30° phase angle temperature is slightly more useful than 45° phase angle temperature to evaluate the strain tolerance of asphalt binder as well as the high temperature performance grade is very sensitive to additives and is more informative for asphalt long-term behavior prediction than intermediate and low temperature performance grades.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".