Using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves Method To Evaluate Small-Strain Stiffness of a Geogrid-Stabilised Base
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transportation agencies utilize geosynthetic stabilisation to increase the traffic loading performance and/or reduce the required aggregate layer thickness in roadways. Geosynthetic-stabilised aggregates are often evaluated by researchers and transportation agencies using performance testing. Performance testing assesses the composite behavior of the selected aggregate and stabilising geosynthetic; however, the results are limited to the selected aggregate and subgrade soils, geosynthetics, and traffic loading conditions. To continue expanding upon the current database on geosynthetic stabilisation, an accelerated traffic loading device, referred to as the full-scale wheel trafficker system (FSWTS), was developed at the University of Saskatchewan. Two types of aggregate were evaluated with four different variable aperture shaped geogrids (VASGs): a local prairie aggregate, and a high-quality, imported crushed rock aggregate. Channelized traffic loading was applied pneumatically to each test section, and the rut depth was measured intermediately to determine the magnitude and rate of permanent deformation. Using multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW), the shear wave velocity (Vs) and small-strain shear modulus (Gmax) were also measured through the aggregate. The MASW results were used to determine the traffic-induced changes in stiffness in each section. The average Vs was measured through the aggregate (in the wheel path) after short-term and long-term traffic loading using dispersion analysis. It was found that geogrid-stabilisation reduced the time-dependent degradation of stiffness (i.e., Vs) most effectively in the finer, less fractured prairie aggregate; however, the rutting performance was comparable amongst the test sections. In the high-quality crushed rock aggregate, the test section stiffness degradation and rutting performance was comparable for the geogrid-stabilised and non-stabilised test sections in the short term; however, there is some stiffness enhancement observed in the long term for one of the geogrid-stabilised test sections. A third trial was completed in the FSWTS with the CR aggregate, which altered the lane locations of the VASGs and control section from the previous trial. Profiles of Gmax with depth were measured (in the wheel path and outside the wheel path) through the CR aggregate after short-term and long-term traffic loading using inversion analysis. The stiffness degradation measured in the wheel path aligned with the rutting performance and Shakedown theory. The geogrid-stabilised test sections resulted in less stiffness degradation than in the control section, both in the wheel path and outside the wheel path. The aggregate stiffness outside the wheel path was most effected by loosening and upheaval of the aggregate, which was most prevalent in the control sections. Geogrid-stabilisation is effective in reducing the traffic-induced degradation of stiffness in unsurfaced roadways. MASW has also been proven a feasible option for shallow subsurface analysis of road structure materials. Additional trials should be completed in the FSWTS to further refine the code for MASW, and to contribute more geosynthetic performance testing data to the current database. The dispersion analysis program should also be further refined to study higher frequencies through the aggregate; thus, better capturing the effective confinement thickness across a geogrid-stabilised aggregate. Ideally, MASW can be utilized to study both the aggregate and subgrade stiffness in future trials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".