Bibliographic record
Abstract
Durante el período comprendido entre 1993 y 2013, las empresas españolas han realizado inversiones extranjeras directas en el mundo por valor superior a los 582.944 millones de euros, de los cuales el 38% se concentraron en el continente americano. Especialmente significativos son los 162.512 millones de euros invertidos en América Latina y el Caribe y los 58.648 millones canalizados hacia Estados Unidos y Canadá. En este contexto, se hace un balance general de las inversiones directas brutas realizadas por las empresas españolas en el mundo durante los últimos veinte años y se analiza, de manera prioritaria, su impacto en el territorio americano. De este modo, se estudia la procedencia y el destino sectorial de las inversiones, los flujos hacia los paraísos fiscales, la magnitud de los intereses de las multinacionales españolas en América y los procesos de nacionalización de empresas. During the period between 1993 and 2013, spanish companies have made foreign direct investment in the world worth over 582.944 million euros, of which 38% were concentrated in the Americas. Especially significant are the 162.512 million euros invested in Latin America and the Caribbean and the 58.648 million channelled towards United States and Canada. In this context, a general balance of the gross direct investments by spanish companies in the world during the last twenty years is and is analyzed, on a priority basis, its impact on the American territory. In this way, explores the origin and the sectoral destination of investments, flows into tax havens, the magnitude of the interests of the Spanish multinationals in America and the nationalization of enterprises processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".