The biological control of malodors generated in the pulp and paper industry and anaerobic processes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pulp and paper mills are facing intense problems generated by anaerobic bacteria with the implementation of closed circuit water systems, and recycled fiber use. Propagation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) produced by anaerobic bacteria in the process stream has been one of the most significant problems caused by microorganisms. Temperature, pH, and redox potential have substantial influence on VFAs and H 2 S production and subsequent odor generation. Several possible techniques (biocides, aeration, adjustment of pH, etc.) are reported in the literature to overcome the odor problems; however, most of these methods are expensive, corrosive, toxic or not practical. This research proposes a unique strategy that applies a combination of electron acceptors (nitrate and perborate) to effectively control these malodorous compounds. Nitrate and perborate offer both economical and effective means of VFAs and H 2 S control. A product based on these electron acceptors was developed and named NT product. Laboratory experiments showed that the NT product is a non-biocidal solution that prevents the formation of VFAs and H 2 S by modifying the metabolism of anaerobic bacteria rather than inhibiting the microorganisms producing them. The NT product was applied on-site in different anaerobic processes. These experiments were performed in pulp and paper, wastewater treatment, compost and water refining mills. The application of low concentrations of NT product on-site yielded, in most cases, more than 80% reduction of VFAs and H 2 S. Laboratory experiments were performed to assess the behavior of anaerobic bacteria treated with NT product. The laboratory studies defined and showed the modification of anaerobic metabolism due to the addition of NT product that did not permit the reduction of sulfate by sulfate reducing bacteria to form H 2 S responsible for malodors. The addition of the NT product did not favor the accumulation of VFAs. This research is the first study to describe this combination of perborate and nitrate in controlling VFAs and H 2 S anaerobic malodors. This study is the first to propose a model of anaerobic modified pathway using NT product that controls both VFAs and H 2 S malodors. Other than controlling malodors, the NT product protects human lives by preventing the formation of H 2 S gas and increases the longevity of the system by preventing hydrogen sulfide induced corrosion
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".