The arts and local economic development : a study of the relationship between arts-related employment and knowledge-intensive industries for large and small urban places in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The paper looks at arts-related employment in 135 Canadian urban areas over 35 years (1971- \n2006), successively examining location patterns, co-location with knowledge-rich industries, and \nimpacts on employment growth. Arts-related employment is found to be highly concentrated in \nthe very largest urban centres, with no indication of change. Smaller places with particular \nattributes (attractive natural setting; proximity to large urban centres) are increasingly successful \nin attracting arts-related activities, but this is not necessarily associated with stronger \nemployment growth or the development of knowledge-rich industries. Evidence of co-location \nwith knowledge-rich industries is weak, but stronger for larger cities. No consistently significant \nrelationship exists with employment growth. This holds true for all cities, irrespective of size. If a \nsynergy exists between the arts and local development, the paper concludes, it is limited to \nspecific industries and only operates in the context of large cities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".