CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE IN CANADIAN FOREIGN POLICY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines the place of Central and Eastern Europe among Canadian foreign policy priorities. Canada’s active involvement in international events started in the 20th century and evolved from the monocentric orientation on Great Britain/the United States towards multilateralism and active participation in international organizations and institutions. During the Cold War, the main vector of Canadian policy towards the region was to prevent the spread of communism and to weaken the ties of these countries with the Soviet bloc. At that time policy towards Central and Eastern Europe was a part of Canadian policy towards the Soviet Union. After revolutionary events in 1989-1991 Canadian policy transformed into technical and financial support of the transformation towards democratic changes in the region and evolved into the framework of Canadian policy towards Europe. Since 2014 the mainstream of Canadian policy in the region was completed by security issues caused by the Russian aggression to Ukraine. Events of the full scale military aggression of Russia in Ukraine in 2022 are not covered in this article, because it needs to be an object of special research. Despite the fact that Central and Eastern Europe has never been a priority for Canada, active involvement in the region since 1989 helps Canada to assert itself as a notable international actor. Today's Canada’s policy towards the region and bilateral relations with the nations of Central and Eastern Europe are based on common values and approaches on issues such as support for human rights and democracy, territorial integrity, and the rule of international law. Canada is a country-donor for a great variety of projects and programs which were and still are implemented in this part of Europe. Policy towards the region makes it possible for Canada to deal with new partners abroad, and to take an active part in international organizations and processes. At the beginning of the 21st century, Canada as a middle power tries to use different methods and mechanisms to protect its own national interests in the international arena, and Canada’s involvement in the democratic transformation of Central and Eastern Europe made it possible to consider Canada as an important and influential international player.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.018 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".