Bootstrapping trending timevarying coefficient panel models with missing observations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study a class of trending panel regression models with time-varying coefficients that incorporate cross-sectional and serial dependence, as well as heteroskedasticity. Our models also allow for missing observations in the dependent variable. We introduce a local linear dummy variable estimator capable of handling missing observations and derive its asymptotic properties. A key ingredient in our theoretical framework is a generic uniform convergence result for near-epoch processes in kernel estimation for large panels (N, T Ç É). The resulting limiting distribution reflects the pattern of missing values and depends on various nuisance parameters. An autoregressive wild bootstrap (AWB) is proposed to construct confidence intervals and bands. The AWB accommodates missing observations and automatically replicates all the nuisance parameters, demonstrating good finite sample performance. We apply our methods to investigate (i) the relationship between PM2.5 and mortality and (ii) common trends in atmospheric ethane emissions in the Northern Hemisphere. Both examples yield statistical evidence for time variation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.039 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".