CLOSED PLATFORMS AND CLOSED MARKETS: A THEORY OF PRIVATELY CONTROLLED TECHNOLOGY AND ITS STATUS IN CANADIAN COMPETITION LAW
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines whether closed platforms are, or should be, susceptible to review under Canadian competition law. Firms that produce technology components are often also in the business of producing information infrastructure. When a set of technology components is organized into infrastructure, the result is called a “platform”. The platform concept is a powerful tool for explaining how the technical properties of information infrastructure influence its economic properties. This paper proposes a framework to explain a platform's organization and behaviour. Platforms engage at least two markets - a “component market” and a “content market”. A dominant platform provider can "close" its platform off from unauthorized components and content. This has the effect of harming the provider's competitors in the component market, and downstream firms in the content market. It can also further entrench the provider's dominant market position. Such conduct is reviewable under Canada's Competition Act.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.037 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".