Dal Markland a Milano. Galvano Fiamma e la circolazione di notizie tra Nord Europa e Italia nella prima meta del Trecento
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In un articolo del 2021, ripreso poi dallo stesso autore in una successiva monografia, Paolo Chiesa ha comunicato un’eccezionale scoperta da lui fatta nella Cronica universalis (ca. 1340) del frate milanese Galvano Fiamma: il riferimento ad una terra nord-occidentale chiamata Marckalada/Marchalanda. Dietro questo nome, Chiesa ha correttamente riconosciuto il Markland (“Terra delle foreste”), menzionato dalle saghe norrene del XIII secolo come una delle terre nordamericane scoperte dai norvegesi, forse corrispondente all’odierno Labrador. Poiché Galvano cita come fonti i marinarii qui conversantur in mari Datie et Norvegye, Chiesa ha ipotizzato che il frate milanese avesse ottenuto queste informazioni da marinai genovesi. A quel tempo, però, nei porti del nord Europa erano presenti anche altri mercanti italiani, che avevano con la Scandinavia rapporti più stretti rispetto ai genovesi. Questo articolo esplora quindi la possibilità che, intorno al 1340, mercanti fiorentini e milanesi possano aver agito da intermediari tra la Scandinavia e Milano, portando in Lombardia notizie di terre lontane nell’Atlantico nord-occidentale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.045 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".