Examining the effect of non-essential amino acid nitrogen content on lysine requirement for nitrogen retention and growth performance in growing pigs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Low protein (LP) diets with crystalline amino acid (CAA) supplementation have improved nitrogen (N) utilization while maintaining performance in growing pigs. Although LP diets are beneficial, non-essential amino acids (NEAA) or N may become limiting in LP diets, affecting N utilization for N retention (NR). Consequently, the essential amino acid-nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio (EAA-N:TN) may be useful in determining the appropriate amount of EAA and NEAA, or N, that should be provided in LP diets. Therefore, this thesis evaluated the effects of providing a low (LR) or high (HR) EAA-N:TN ratio on lysine (Lys) requirement for NR and growth performance in pigs. An N balance study estimated 1.21% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirement to maximize NR in pigs fed the HR diets. No breakpoint was achieved for pigs fed the LR diets. Therefore, NEAA or N become limiting in HR diets, whereas Lys is limiting in LR diets. A follow-up growth performance study was conducted using the same LR and HR ratios in the diets, with Lys included at 100% NRC requirements, and at the breakpoint value from the N-balance study, formulated for 20-50 kg pigs. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain:feed (G:F), and N output were measured in the growth performance study. Increasing Lys resulted in increased overall ADG and ADFI, but there was no effect of ratio or interactive effect of ratio and Lys. However, pigs fed the HR diets had improved ADG in week 4, whereas pigs fed LR diets had improved ADG and G:F in week 1. In addition, pigs fed the HR diets with 1.22% SID Lys had lower N output compared to pigs fed the other diets. It was concluded that insufficient dietary N may be more of a concern during periods of general nutrient insufficiency, and that diets deficient in dietary N may require more Lys than what is currently recommended. Overall, an increase in Lys may be required to maximize NR and growth, and that NEAA and N become limiting in HR diets. By incorporating the EAA-N:TN ratio in current diet formulations, along with appropriate dietary inclusion of EAA may result in decreased dietary costs for producers and decreased N excretion into the environment, while improving NR and N utilization in growing pigs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".