Experimental results of two highly skewed propellers in ice: blade and shaft load measurements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two highly skewed controllable pitch model propellers were tested in both open water and ice-covered water in an ice tank. Both propellers had the same skew but were manufactured with two different pitch distributions. The open water and ice experiments were both done at four different pitch settings, each over a range of advance coefficients. The ice strength and the depth cut into the ice by the propeller were varied in the tests. The main aims of the experiments were to measure the effects of these variables on blade loads, in addition to their effects on shaft loads, and to compare the effect of pitch distribution on loading. Shaft loads were measured using conventional dynamometry. Loads on one blade were measured using a six component hub-mounted blade dynamometer designed and built for these tests. The blade dynamometer is described and shaft and blade load measurements are presented and discussed. It was discovered that in certain conditions the individual blade experienced bending moments, thrust and torque loads that were on the order of ten times the mean cycle load during the ice milling event.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".