Human disturbances and changes of channel form, hydrology and energy in Redhill Creek
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Urbanization of watershed areas is generally recognized as resulting in significant and often detrimental changes to urban stream systems. Changes of channel form that accompany urbanization are also recognized to depend on the energy of the system to erode and transport material. This work explored the relationship between changes of channel form resulting from the urbanization of the basin and measures of channel energy for the Redhill Creek system in Hamilton, Ontario. Channelizations resulting from infrastructure crossings of Redhill Creek reduced the channel length by up to 20%. The largest changes of cross-sectional area occurred at cross-sections located close to these infrastructure crossings. Significant changes in the hydrology of Redhill Creek were not detected over a period of 20 years. A clear distinction was seen between the relationship of channel energy as a function of discharge at pools and riffles; the concept of a dominant discharge appears to be more applicable to pool than riffle sections. Various forms of channel energy were not found to relate to changes in bankful area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".