A History of Resistance and Compliance: Japanese-Canadian Health, Healthcare, and Healthcare Providers During Internment (1942-1949)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the early months of 1942, the Canadian government orchestrated the mass internment \nof the entire Japanese-Canadian community. The federal government justified this decision for \nreasons of national security and out of concern for Japanese-Canadian welfare. Within weeks,\nover 22,000 people of Japanese descent living mostly along the coast of British Columbia were \nuprooted and confined in inadequate living spaces in the BC interior. Despite official \ngovernment statements, Japanese-Canadians’ health and wellbeing suffered. Members of the \nJapanese-Canadian community with healthcare skills were expected to provide care for their \nfellow internees. Health and healthcare shifted in the community. But Japanese Canadians\nbrought with them decades of community knowledge about circumventing racist healthcare\nspaces and policies in Canada. In doing so, they changed internment healthcare spaces and rural \nand remote medicine in interior British Columbian towns. \n\nMy research considers some of the ways internment spaces affected the general health of \nthe community, the reality of which forced the government of Canada to make healthcare an \naspect of internment policy planning. Each chapter demonstrates, through a unique and under-examined source base, that healthcare was an important aspect of Japanese-Canadian internment. \nFrom examinations of personal photographs to oral history interviews to public history displays \nthis dissertation takes a socio-cultural approach to historical analysis and shows how healthcare\nconsiderations challenge our understandings about Japanese-Canadian internment. In doing so, \nthis work demonstrates that Japanese-Canadian internment is an essential part of understanding \nthe history of healthcare in Canada. \n\nI argue that internees experienced further racialization, segregation, and discrimination \nwithin healthcare spaces as both healthcare professionals and patients. But they navigated these \nrestrictions with community and professional knowledge established before the 1940s. I also \nexplain that while health was not initially a central concern of internment policymakers, it \nbecame a reality of internment that internees had to face. Good health of internees quickly \nbecame a campaigning tool which the government made ready use of. Further, my research \ndemonstrates that the labour of these racialized healthcare providers, who were also internees, \ncontinued into the post-internment period and re-shaped rural healthcare in select regions of \nBritish Columbia
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".