Inactivation of Plasmodium falciparum by photodynamic excitation of heme-cyde intermediates derived from d-aminolevulinic acid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transfusion-transmitted malaria (TTM), especially that caused by Plasmodium falciparum, is of great concern in malaria-endemic areas.As a result of increased international travel, migration, and the spread of drugresistant parasites, TTM is also a growing problem in industrialized nations.An effective and inexpensive means of inactivating malaria parasites in blood products would represent an important advance.In this report, we demonstrate that photoactivation of plasmodial heme-cycle intermediates, derived from supplemental d-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), by exposure to simple white light in the presence of ALA, reduces P. falciparum in culture to levels that are undetectable by light microscopy or lactate dehydrogenase assay.Photodynamic excitation of presumed heme-cycle intermediates, which was revealed by fluorescence microscopy, did not appear to adversely affect the viability of erythrocytes.These data suggest that this pathogeninactivation strategy, which uses inexpensive reagents and white light, may represent an appropriate means of inactivating malaria parasites in blood products in resource-poor settings.Human malaria, caused by 4 species of apicomplexan protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, accounts for an estimated 300 million cases and 1.5-2.7 million deaths annually [1].There has been a global resurgence of malaria, largely attributable to the development and spread of drug-resistant parasites; as drug resistance continues to escalate, and in the absence of an effective vaccine, the global malaria situation is likely to worsen [2].Malaria parasites invade and multiply inside human erythrocytes, thus posing a risk to recipients of blood products from infected donors.Transfusion-transmit-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".