Las Barreras invisibles para la igualdad: tres estudios sobre las desigualdades étnicas y de género en el mercado de trabajo durante la Gran Recesión

This thesis analyzes ethnics and gender inequalities in access to the labor market during the Great Recession in Spain. The first article illustrates the probabilities of unemployed people to get a job depending on gender, age, level of studies, care responsibilities and level of unemployment in the region of residence. The analytical sample is drawn from the first quarter of the Labor Force Survey for the period 2006-2016. Thanks to these data, access to employment is studied both in the moments before and after the socioeconomic crisis of 2008, taking into account the effect of fatherhood and motherhood on the labor trajectories of men and women. The results show that despite the high destruction of Inasculinized jobs, women had worse employability. In addition, it is shown that despite the fact that a higher educational level ensures better job opportunities for men and women, men ali,vays have more employability. Third, the results lend support to the hypothesis of a motherhood penalty and husband Premia in the access to the labour market. Finally, it establishes that people with foreign nationality are more likely to find a job than people with Spanish nationality. The second article of the thesis analyzes the social integration of the immigrant population and examines to what extent the changes in the economic cycle have coincided with a reconfiguration of the labor market in Spain and with a modification in the integration of foreigners. The selected data are the second quarters of the Labor Force Survey for the 2006-2016 period. The results provide support for the ethnostratification theory, showing a very unequal distribution of immigrants in the socio-occupational structure according to their origin. While immigrants from enricher countries are better located in the occupational structure, those from impoverished countries are over-represented in the lower socio-occupational classes. Although in certain cases, the post-crisis period has meant an improvement in the occupational condition of some groups, the situation is quite stable for other migrants, who seem to be stuck in a time warp. Finally, it is shown that the socio-economic recovery from 2014 only benefited the integration of people with Spanish nationality. The third and last article of the thesis analyses the transitions from the university to the labour market in Spain. Using a sample of 23,885 university graduates in 2009, I assess the probabilities of obtain a job in 2014. The results show that, even though a greater educational investment ensures better job opportunities for graduates, the probabilities of ending up over-educated are higher, especially for women. In addition, I found that graduates from health care and engineering fields of studies are more likely to obtain a job and a quality job than those from scientific, social sciences and humanities careers. Finally, it is found that people from sex-atypical field of studies (i.e. women in masculinized and men in feminized careers) are less likely to obtain a job or a quality job, especially women from masculinized fields of studies.

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