Lipophilic statins but not hydrophilic statins attenuate human atrial myofibroblast viability and induce apoptosis in vitro
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydroxymethylgluteryl-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are commonly used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. These drugs have been shown to induce cell death in various cell types. It is unclear if this is a class effect or a phenomenon specific to certain compounds. We hypothesize that lipophilic statins induce cell death in primary human atrial myofibroblasts (hATMF) whereas hydrophilic statins do not. hATMF were treated with atorvastatin, simvastatin (lipophilic statins) or pravastatin (hydrophilic statin). Cell viability was assessed using MTT assay. Induction of apoptosis and autophagy were estimated with western blot analysis. We found that lipophilic statin treatment of hATMF reduced cell viability in a time and dose-dependent manner and increased expression of apoptotic markers. These effects were not observed with the hydrophilic statin. In conclusion, there are substantial differences between various compounds in the statin family. These differences should be considered when selecting a drug for a particular patient.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".