Microwave-Assisted Heavy Oil Upgrading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
RÉSUMÉ: La part des combustibles fossiles dans la demande mondiale d'énergie a dépassé les prévisions antérieures, principalement en raison de la pandémie de COVID-19 et de son impact négatif sur divers secteurs, qui a augmenté de manière inattendue la demande énergétique actuelle. Bien que l'on s'attende à ce que le pourcentage de combustibles fossiles dans le bouquet énergétique mondial diminue jusqu'à moins de 45% d'ici 2050, ils resteront la principale source d'énergie. En outre, la découverte et l’extraction de pétrole brut deviennent de plus en plus difficiles, et il est prévu que le pétrole brut restant suffira pour près de 46 ans, sur la base de la consommation actuelle. Il est donc vital de trouver une source d’énergie prometteuse pour remplacer une partie de la demande de pétrole brut. À cet égard, le pétrole lourd (HO) semble être un choix de bon augure. Les réserves de pétrole lourd (non conventionnel) ont été estimées à plus de 6000 milliards de barils, l’Ouest canadien détenant environ 2500 milliards de barils, soit près de la moitié du total. En outre, le volume des résidus pétroliers augmente en raison de l’énorme production industrielle. Malgré le fait que les ressources en pétrole non conventionnel représentent une part substantielle, soit environ 65% de toutes les ressources énergétiques fossiles disponibles dans le monde, leur utilisation n'est pas rentable en raison de leurs propriétés telles qu'une viscosité élevée, une quantité excessive de matières toxiques et un rapport C/H élevé; ainsi, HO doit être mis à niveau. De plus, d’autres types d’hydrocarbures lourds devraient être pris en compte, comme les déchets plastiques et les pneus. Il devient donc impératif de développer une approche efficace pour la valorisation et le recyclage de divers hydrocarbures lourds. Parmi les techniques thermochimiques de recyclage et de valorisation des hydrocarbures lourds, la pyrolyse a suscité un grand intérêt en raison de ses avantages, notamment la réduction des besoins énergétiques, la production de produits de haute qualité et la réduction de l'empreinte environnementale. Néanmoins, les produits de pyrolyse (CP) conventionnels nécessitent un raffinage supplémentaire, et une quantité excessive de coke (20 à 60 % en poids sur la base des conditions du procédé) est générée en raison de réactions secondaires indésirables. Par conséquent, la pyrolyse assistée par micro-ondes (MAP) a retenu l'attention des chercheurs en raison de ses avantages, notamment un chauffage rapide et sélectif, ne nécessitant pas de prétraitement (comme le séchage) et une consommation d'énergie inférieure à celle du CP. ABSTRACT: The share of fossil fuels in the global energy demand has exceeded former projections, mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its negative impact on various sectors, which unexpectedly enhanced the current energy demand. Although it is anticipated that the percentage of fossil fuels in the global energy mix will decline to below 45% by 2050, they will continue to remain the dominant source of energy. Besides, crude oil discovery and extraction are becoming more challenging, and it is anticipated that the remaining crude oil is enough for almost 46 years based on the current consumption. Therefore, there is a vital need to find a promising source of energy to replace some parts of crude oil demands. In this regard, heavy oil (HO) seems to be an auspicious choice. Heavy (unconventional) oil reserves have been estimated at over 6 trillion barrels, with Western Canada holding approximately 2.5 trillion barrels, which is nearly half of the total. Furthermore, the volume of oil residue is increasing due to the huge production of industries. Despite the fact that unconventional oil resources represent a substantial portion, accounting for roughly 65% of all available fossil fuel resources globally, their utilization is not cost-effective due to their properties such as high viscosity, toxic material, and high C/H ratio; thus, HO needs to be upgraded. Moreover, other types of heavy hydrocarbons should be considered such as waste plastics and tires. Hence, it becomes imperative to develop an efficient approach for the upgrading and recycling of various heavy hydrocarbons. Among the thermochemical techniques for recycling and upgrading of heavy hydrocarbons, pyrolysis has garnered significant interest due to its advantages, including lower energy consumption, high-quality products, and minor environmental footprint. Nonetheless, conventional pyrolysis (CP) products require further refinement, and an excessive amount of coke (20-60 wt% based on the process condition) is generated as a result of undesired secondary reactions. Consequently, microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) has captured the attention of researchers due to its merits, including rapid and selective heating, not requiring pre-processing (such as drying), and lower energy consumption compared to CP.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".