Modelling disjunct carnivore distributions: the case of the wolf (Canis lupus) in the Iberian Peninsula
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Book Description: In this book, the authors present current research in the conservation, species and management of carnivores. Topics discussed include the adaptation, impact and management of the raccoon dog in Europe; human perceptions of cougars in Canada and El Salvador; the impact on wildlife conservation of emerging protozoal tick-borne diseases of canids; mitigating conflict between humans and large carnivores in carnivore conservation; the management and conservation of wolves in the Iberian Peninsula; and factors affecting small and middle-sized carnivore occurrence and abundance in Mediterranean agricultural landscapes in Southern Portugal. Chapter summary: The gray wolf (Canis lupus) is a generalist species whose distribution was originally the widest among wild carnivores but suffered a marked regression due to human persecution during the 19th and 20th centuries. Legal protection after 1970 allowed wolves to recover significant parts of their range, including, in some cases, heavily humanized and modified landscapes. Nowadays, many wolf populations keep expanding, although the viability of many others is still at risk due to small population sizes and loss of genetic diversity. The Iberian Peninsula holds Western Europe’s largest wolf population, which is currently divided into two distinct nuclei: a large and practically continuous one spreading through most of the northern half of this region, and a smaller and subdivided one in a southern mountainous area. A distribution model based on the whole Iberian wolf distribution overlooked the southern nucleus, suggesting biogeographic differences between them. This can happen due to local adaptation events, and points to the need for caution when modelling species or populations with disjunct distributions. When we modelled both wolf nuclei separately, the southern nucleus showed indeed different environmental and biogeographical properties, with a trend towards a metapopulational structure. We discuss the implications of these models for the conservation and management of wolves in the Iberian Peninsula and of other species facing similar biogeographic situations elsewhere.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".