Old buildings, new cities: Analysis of Brussels' Leopold quarter building typologies as a driver to identify optimal retrofitting strategies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Europe, several studies show that prolonging the life of a building has lower environmental impact than demolishing and building a new one. Retrofitting of residential buildings provides thus a considerable potential in energy conservation and sustainability benefits. But retrofitting an old house is a delicate process. This paper stresses the role of en ergy efficiency retrofitting of old dwellings in Brussels as the key element to achieve the European Union (EU) energy efficiency targets. The approach of this study is to conceive the buildings as a stock rather than individual entities, by developing a preliminary classification by construction system and building comp onents. This approach seeks to contextualize the heritage value, by the identification of the elements that define it, and to achieve holistic improvements of the energy performance of the whole stock in order to highlight the importance and relevance of retrofitting the old residential building sector. The result is a series of scenarios that supposes a first step of the aimed methodology to identify in an early stage the best solutions for this specific part of the building st ock to achieve the energy efficiency targets defined by the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EU, 2010)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".