Phenotypes and distribution of yellow-pine chipmunk (<em>Neotamias amoenus</em>) of hybrid ancestry from the Rocky Mountains of Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Canada, subspecies of the yellow-pine chipmunk (Neotamias amoenus luteiventris) and red-tailed chipmunk (Neotamias ruficaudus ruficaudus) co-occur in a small area of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta and southeastern British Columbia. Some N. a. luteiventris individuals in this area are of hybrid ancestry, carrying a mitochondrial DNA gene of N. r. ruficaudus. We tested for phenotypic hybridization by comparing genital bone morphology, body size, cranial mandibular morphology, and tail color of mitochondrial hybrids with specimens of the 2 parental reference groups identified from genetics or genital morphology. Hybrids were indistinguishable from the N. a. luteiventris reference group, demonstrating no intermediacy or increased variability. Our results are consistent with genetic data that suggest minimal nuclear gene flow between the 2 taxa. Five hybrid locations were within the contact zone, but 6 were 14–98 km beyond the known range extent of N. r. ruficaudus. These peripheral occurrences may be a legacy of a past range decline of N. r. ruficaudus in response to Holocene climatic changes that left hybrids outside the present-day contact zone. We recommend more field research in the Canadian Rocky Mountains to determine the full range extent of N. r. ruficaudus and N. a. luteiventris of hybrid ancestry.En Canadá, las subespecies de la ardilla de pino amarillo (Neotamias amoenus luteiventris) y de la ardilla de cola roja (Neotamias ruficaudus ruficaudus) coexisten en una pequeña área de las Montañas Rocosas en el suroeste de Alberta y el sureste de British Columbia. Algunos N. a. luteiventris en esta área son de ascendencia híbrida y llevan un gen de ADN mitocondrial de los N. r. ruficaudus. Analizamos la hibridación fenotípica comparando la morfología ósea genital, el tamaño corporal, la morfología craneal mandibular y el color de la cola de los híbridos mitocondriales utilizando muestras de los 2 grupos parentales de referencia, identificados genéticamente o por la morfología genital. Los híbridos fueron idénticos al grupo de referencia de N. a. luteiventris, lo que demuestra que no hay intermediación o incremento de variabilidad. Nuestros resultados son congruentes con los datos genéticos que sugieren un flujo mínimo de genes nucleares entre los dos taxones. Cinco sitios híbridos estaban dentro de la zona de contacto, pero 6 estaban a 14–98 km más allá de la extensión de rango conocida de N. r. ruficaudus. Estos acontecimientos periféricos podrían ser el resultado de una disminución del rango de distribución pasado de N. r. ruficaudus en respuesta a los cambios climáticos del Holoceno que dejaron a los híbridos fuera de la zona de contacto actual. Recomendamos llevar a cabo más investigación de campo en las Montañas Rocosas canadienses para determinar la extensión total del rango de N. r. ruficaudus y N. a. luteiventris de ascendencia híbrida.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".