Proximity to conventional oil and gas development is associated with reduced parental care in chestnut-collared longspurs (Calcarius ornatus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Energy extraction may affect how songbirds perceive and respond to risk during the breeding season. I examined how the parental behaviours of the chestnut-collared longspur changed with proximity to conventional oil wells and compressor stations and with proximity to roads. I also evaluated any effects of industrial noise. Although both sexes reduced parental care near physical infrastructure, males were more sensitive to industrial noise, and only females altered behaviours near roads. Fewer offspring fledged at nests near roads and these offspring fledged at a later age. The effects of noise on behaviour differed from the effects of physical infrastructure, indicating that inactive infrastructure still poses a disturbance on the landscape. These findings suggest that energy development in the grasslands increases perceived risk and influences songbirds’ reproductive strategies, likely with consequences for reproductive fitness. Mitigation measures must address all three related disturbances of physical infrastructure, roads, and noise to be successful.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".