Sources of Canadian Economic Growth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We apply modern growth accounting based on the semi-endogenous growth theory \nof Jones (2002) to determine the sources of Canadian economic growth between 1981– \n2013. This framework allows us to distinguish between transition dynamics and steadystate \ngrowth, and quantify their respective contributions. We find that over 80% of \nthe total average growth rate of output per worker of 1.24 percentage points has been \ndue to transitional factors. Among these, the bulk of the contribution is attributed to \ndomestic human capital growth driven by educational attainment, and global research \nand development (R&D) intensity. These two factors have been the primary sources \nof Canadian economic growth. The growth in capital-output ratio contributed a small \nshare of 0.14 percentage points suggesting a limited role of capital accumulation. The \nsteady-state growth over is attributed to population growth indicating modest scale \neffects of about 16% of the total average growth. Our results highlight that the future \nof Canadian productivity growth and the standard of living are closely tied to sustained \ngrowth in both domestic human capital and global R&D intensity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.015 | 0.021 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".