Selective removal of gallium from aqueous solutions using organophosphorus ligands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The removal and recovery of gallium (III) from aqueous solutions was investigated using different ligands. Sodium di-(n-octyl) phosphinate was found to be the most effective ligand. The metal-ligand complexes formed had the advantages of being highly insoluble in water and allowing a good regeneration of the ligand at the end of the cycle. The effect of time, pH, mole ratio of ligand to metal, temperature and the presence of other ions, such as Na+, NO3-, Cl- and SO42-, was also studied. At the end of the removal process, gallium was recovered from the insoluble complexes using a solvent. The gallium was concentrated in an aqueous phase. The ligand was extracted in the organic phase and regenerated. Other organophosphorus ligands such as sodium di-(n-dodecyl) phosphinate, sodium mono-octyl ester phosphinate and O,O-di-(octyl) dithiophosphoric acid were also synthesised and studied. They were less efficient for the removal of gallium than the sodium di-(n-octyl) phosphinate ligand. The possibility of using compounds with a carboxylic group on the removal of gallium was also investigated using humic and fumaric acids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".