Sexual dimorphism of North American sturgeons, Acipenser species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
I have developed a technique to determine the sex of live adult sturgeons by examination of external morphology. I analyzed four North American sturgeon species: 'Acipenser transmontanus' (white sturgeon), ' A. oxyrhincus' (Atlantic sturgeon), 'A. medirostris' (green sturgeon) and 'A. brevirostrum' (shortnose sturgeon). The opening of the urogenital duct is posterior to the anus. Males have a urogenital opening with a capital Y-shape while females have an O-shaped opening. Accuracy of sex determination was highest in live fish (82%), but significantly lower in dead fish (29%). Dead sturgeon usually have the rectum prolapsed via the cloaca so the urogenital opening and surrounding fleshy tissue are protruded, thus making the sexes indistinguishable. I tested this technique with nai?ve field personnel and observers in the laboratory. Successful application of this technique requires training of both those taking observations on the fish and those interpreting resulting photographs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.080 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".