Reproductive Divergence between Growth Forms of Lake Winnipeg Walleye (Sander vitreus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Growth polymorphisms occur in many fish species, particularly in northern temperate freshwater lakes. The only known growth polymorphism in walleye (Sander vitreus) is in Lake Winnipeg, Canada, where slow-growing (dwarf) and fast-growing (normal) morphotypes co-exist. We examined differences in reproductive traits between forms to determine whether divergence in growth rates was accompanied by divergence in reproductive strategies and also assessed the genetic composition of both forms using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA to determine their origin and potential reproductive isolation. Both sexes of the dwarf form produced relatively larger gonads than the normal form. Female dwarfs also had a lower liver lipid concentration, a higher ovary lipid concentration, and produced relatively larger eggs compared to the normal form. There was also some indication that dwarf and normal females differed in the fatty acid profiles of their egg lipids. Population genetic analysis based on partial sequencing of the mitochondrial control region and genotyping nine microsatellite loci indicated a single interbreeding population and sympatric origin for both morphotypes. The dwarf form appears to make a relatively larger reproductive investment at a given body size, and the differences between the two forms may result from plastic developmental responses to subtle differences in niche use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".