Study on the measurement of soot particle size by laser induced incandescence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Soot is very harmful to the human health, which has drawn increasing attention. It has been shown that the toxicity of soot is directly related to the particle size. So it is very important to develop laser-based techniques to rapidly gain soot particle size information. LII (Laser Induced Incandescence) is considered a very promising method for soot measurement, and it can be used to determine soot concentration and particle size. In this paper, LII was used to infer primary particle size of soot at different axis positions in an ethylene/air laminar coflow diffusion flame. The results were compared with those from TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) image analysis of thermophoretically sampled soot. It was shown that, along the flame axis, the particle diameter first increases and then decreases. Comparing the LII and probe sampling results, the trends agree well but the values differ slightly. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the LII technique for soot particle sizing is found promising.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".