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Record W7053509579

TRANSFORMATION OF VISUAL STEREOTYPES ON TV: NONFICTIONAL TV-FORMATS OF THE USA AND CANADA OF THE 1960th / Трансформация зрелищных стереотипов на малом экране: неигровые телеформаты США и Канады 1960-х годов

2017· article· en· W7053509579 on OpenAlexaboutno aff

Bibliographic record

VenueDOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · 2017
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicLaser Design and Applications
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsMovie theaterStyle (visual arts)OriginalityTerm (time)Field (mathematics)Period (music)Box officeHollywood
DOInot available

Abstract

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The experiments of documentary film makers of the USA, Canada and European countries made in 1950–1960 on the basis of new technologies and in the conditions of competitive fight of cinema and TV are analyzed in the article. At that time the image of an anthropomorphous camera, the camera-eye often appeared in the names of documentaries and TV programs, as if it was living its own life, sometimes different from the human one (“Candid eye”, “Candid camera”, “Living camera” etc.). “Cinéma vérité”—the term for the first time used by the French sociologist, the theorist of cinema E. Moren represents, as we know, the translation of the name of the well-known newsreel “Film truth” which was issued in the 1920th under the supervision of Vertov. In 1950– 1960th the term found its own cultural specifications: for example, “direct cinema”. Traditionally connected with cinéma vérité, the screen documentary of the USA significally depended on ideology—tactical require-ments, “policy” of a TV-broadcaster and market condi-tions of creation and distribution of TV production. Documentary film makers of the USA (Drew Associates group—R. Drew, R. Leacock, D. Pennebaker, etc.) and Canada (R. Kroitor, W. Koenig, C. Low) became pioneers in the field of a new “non-European” television wave who founded the base of application of a method of the extended (participant) observation, thereby having opened a way to a wide range of formats from author’s documentary to reality-TV. Soon both directions, direct cinema and cinéma vérité with all their originality were widely spread in their own style (cinema or TV feature), as well as a shooting style in general. Thus theoretical and practical researches of docu-mentary film makers of the USA, Canada and European countries on the basis of new technologies, competitive struggle of cinema and TV allowed to introduce new methods. The last ones gave the chance to create new experience of esthetic perception of screen material at target audiences that in turn caused considerable complication of the discourse side of screen work; these very methods gave it almost equal importance with a narrative. This difficult connection of a discourse and a narration considerably complicating broadcasting and interpretation of the author’s concept, in many ways is an essential feature of modern screen culture, fictional and nonfictional formats of television and cinema. В статье анализируются эксперименты документалистов США, Канады и стран Европы, проводивщиеся в 1950–1960 годы на базе новых технологий и в обстановке конкурентной борьбы кино и ТВ. В названиях документальных фильмов и телепрограмм тех лет нередко фигурировал образ антропоморфной камеры, камеры-глаза, словно «живущей» собственной жизнью, порой отличной от человеческой («Candid eye», «Candid camera», «Living camera» etc.). «Сinéma vérité» — термин, впервые использованный французским социологом, теоретиком кино Э. Мореном, представляет собой, как известно, перевод названия знаменитого киножурнала «Кино-правда», выпускавшегося в 1920-х годах «киноками» под руководством Вертова. За 1950-1960-е годы термин нашел и свои культурные спецификации: на-пример, «прямое кино» (direct cinema). Традиционно связанное с cinéma vérité, экранная документалистика США имела большую зависимость от идеологии — конъюнктурных требований, «политики» телевещателя и рыночных условий создания и распространения экранной продукции. Пионерами в области подобной новой «неевропейской» телевизионной волны стали документалисты США (группа «Дрю ассошиэйтс» — Р. Дрю, Р. Ликок, Д. Пеннебейкер и др.) и Канады (Р. Кройтор, В. Кёних, К. Лоу), которые заложили новые основы применения метода длительного (включенного) наблюдения, тем самым открыв путь широкому спектру форматов от авторской документалистики до реалити-ТВ. Весьма скоро оба направления, direct cinema и cinéma vérité со всем присущим им своеобразием по-лучили широкое распространение как в собственном виде (репортажный кино- или телеочерк), так и в качестве стиля, манеры съемки вообще. Теоретические и практические изыскания документалистов США, Канады и стран Европы на базе новых технологий, конкурентной борьбы кино и ТВ позволили, таким образом, ввести в «художественный оборот» качественно новые приемы. Последние дали возможность сформировать у целевых аудиторий новый опыт эстетического восприятия экранного материала, что в свою очередь заложило фундамент для значительного усложнения дискурсивной стороны экранного произведения; эти же приемы придали ему фактически равную значимость с нарративом. Подобная сложная связь дискурса и повествования, значительно усложняющая трансляцию и интерпретацию авторской концепции, во многих отношениях — сущностная черта современной экранной культуры, игровых и неигровых форматов телевидения и кино.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.005
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.199
Threshold uncertainty score0.400

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.005
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0020.002
Science and technology studies0.0070.008
Scholarly communication0.0060.001
Open science0.0010.002
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0060.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.109
GPT teacher head0.439
Teacher spread0.330 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

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Citations0
Published2017
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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