Ajams in Ottoman Printing: Iranian Book Company (sirket-i Sahafiye-i Osmaniye)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
After the second half of the 19th century, as the printing in Ottoman Empire became widespread, the number of private printing houses increased and many new actors entered into the Ottoman printing market. Iranian entrepreneurs called Acem Basmaalar/Kitapalar ('Ajam Printers/booksellers) were important actors of this market. Some of the printers and booksellers came together to establish companies. $irket-i Sahafiye-i Iraniye (Iranian Book Company), was one of these companies and established by Iranian printers and bibliopoles operating in Istanbul to publish cheaply. It distinguished from other companies because of being a pioneer company in the Ottoman printing history and marked a quarter century in Ottoman printing. Contrary to its place in the Ottoman printing history, this company hasn't been quested independantly until now. This paper aims to discuss the establishment of the company, the identities and professions of the founders and partners of the company, the place of the print, bookstores, activities of the company, publication categories, publication policy, reader profile and the relationship of the company with the Ottoman official authorities. The paper concentrates especially on the relations of the company with censor mechanism of the Abdulhamid II Era and it will also try to answer the question that whether the Iranian identiy of the founders of the company affected the publication policy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.066 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".