An appraisal of tornado-induced load provisions in ASCE/SEI 7-22 and 7-16 for residential low-rise buildings.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the loads induced by tornado-like vortices on scaled models of eight low-rise residential buildings with real-world shapes in a typical North American community are quantified and compared to the provisions provided by ASCE/SEI 7-16 and 7-22. Physical simulations of the interaction between translating tornado-like vortices representative of EF1-, EF2-and EF3-rated tornadoes and the scaled models were performed in the WindEEE Dome at the University of Western Ontario. Three internal pressure scenarios were numerically simulated. The tornado velocity gust factor was identified as a critical parameter when translating loads from model to full-scale. The load comparison results show that the provisions are safer as the rating of the design tornado increases. The uplift forces on the whole roof in the internal pressure scenarios with one dominant opening are between 44% and 63% higher than the distributed leakage scenario, highlighting the importance of keeping the integrity of the envelope. The ratios of pressures obtained from physical simulation to the ones calculated using the standard are higher on the walls than on the roof. Pressure ratios on the eaves are higher than on the other parts of the roof.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".