Bibliographic record
Abstract
Red KnotThe Red Knot (Calidris canutus) is the quintessential long-distance migrant.It nests in the high Arctic in some of the coldest areas of the world and spends the nonbreeding season in some of the hottest, on tropical beaches and lagoons.Some birds migrate from the Arctic to Tierra del Fuego, a world away.A medium-sized rotund sandpiper with a proportionally large body, short legs, small head, and short bill, in breeding plumage it sports the orange-red underparts that give it a portion of its common name.The back is gray with black-edged feathers.In non-breeding plumage the rusty underparts are replaced by a stippled gray and white.The back is plain light gray.The Red Knot is the largest of the North American Calidris sandpipers and can be distinguished from similar-sized dowitchers by its shorter bill.Identification can be more challenging if the birds are roosting with their bills tucked as pictured on this issue's cover, where a Red Knot is to the left, a dowitcher to the right.Five subspecies are recognized worldwide that are thought to have diverged in isolated breeding areas during the last glaciation.Because these races have similar measurements, perhaps the way to distinguish the subspecies is by their migration patterns.C. c. canutus breeds in Siberia and winters in West Africa, C. c. rufa breeds in Canada north of the Arctic Circle and winters in southern South America, C. c. islandica breeds in eastern Canada and Greenland and migrates to Europe, and C. c. roselaari breeds in Russia and migrates to the Australasian region.The migration of C. c. roselaari is poorly known, but it probably breeds in Alaska and migrates to the Pacific Coast of the United States as well as Mexico, Florida, Texas, and the Atlantic Coast of South America.The Red Knot is closely related to the Great Knot and may be a transitional species between Surfbirds and Calidris sandpipers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.883 | 0.841 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; the direct Gemma label and the distilled Codex classifier agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".