The Benthic Invertebrate Community of Lakes Previously Impaired by MiningI-related Acidification Near Wawa, Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Iron mining began in Wawa, Ontario in the late 1800s and ceased in 1998. The sintering process of iron pyrite produced sulfur dioxide which led to the acidification of nearby lakes. Benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected from lakes along a gradient of historical impairment in Wawa to examine the extent to which the benthos of the lakes would separate along the historical impairment gradient. The results show that the lakes are not separated along a gradient of impairment, and acid-intolerant taxa were collected in previously acidified lakes. There was no ameliorative intervention to combat the historical acidification and the observed recovery of water chemistry and benthos is entirely due to natural ecosystem processes. The two sampling methods (littoral kick sampling using a D-net and Hester-Dendy substrates) used to sample the benthos in these lakes can lead to substantial differences in the taxa collected.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".