Bubble Formation in a Horizontal Channel at Subcooled Flow Condition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bubble nucleation at subcooled flow boiling condition in a horizontal annular channel with a square cross section by the use of high-speed camera is investigated. The channel represents a scaled-down version of a single rod of CANDU reactor core. The experiments were performed by the use of water at pressures between 1-3 atm, constant heat flux of 0.124 MW/m2, liquid bulk subcooling of 32-1oC and mean flow velocities of 0.3-0.4 m/s. Bubble lift-off diameters were obtained from direct high speed videography. The developed model for the bubble lift-off diameter was obtained by analyzing the forces acting on a bubble. Furthermore, a model for the bubble growth rate constant was suggested. The proposed model was then compared to experimental data and it has shown a good agreement with the experimental data. Additionally, the effects of liquid bulk subcooling, liquid pressure and mean flow velocity on bubble lift-off diameter were investigated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".