Beyond <i>What?</i> Beyond <i>Earth Orbit?</i> . . . ! The Applicability of the Registration Convention to Private Commercial Manned <i>Sub-Orbital</i> Spaceflight
Bibliographic record
Abstract
I. Space Tourism: Where Are We Going and What Is Taking Us There? ... A. Space Tourism as the Newest Kid on the Block ... B. Conducting Sub-Orbital Operations with Aircraft or Space Objects ... C. Manned Sub-Orbital Spaceflight and the Requirement of Proper International Registration\nII. Registration: As Aircraft or as Space Object? ... A. International, European, and U.S. Approaches to Regulating Sub-Orbital Spaceflight ... B. Applying the Registration Convention to Private Commercial Manned Spaceflight ... C. The Core Problem with Application of the Registration Convention to Sub-Orbital Flights\nIII. Back to Semantics: The Definitions of Beyond, Earth Orbit, and Sub(-Orbital) ... A. The Meanings of Beyond and Earth Orbit as Employed by the Registration Convention ... B. The Meanings of Sub and Sub-orbital Flight ... C. Conclusion: Confusion?\nIV. Context, Object, and Purpose of the Registration Convention ... A. The Context within Which the Registration Convention Arose ... B. The Main Objective and Purposes of the Registration Convention\nV. The Practice in Implementing the Registration Convention ... A. United States Practice ... B. The Practice of Other States with a National Space Law ... C. Preliminary Conclusions Regarding Implementation Practice\nVI. Preparatory Works and Circumstances Surrounding Conclusion of the Convention ... A. The Travaux Préparatoires of the Registration Convention ... B. The French and Canadian Drafts: “into Space” ... C. The U.S. Draft: “into Earth Orbit or Beyond” ... D. Preliminary Conclusions Regarding the Preparatory Works\nVII. Taking Stock: The Remaining Conundrums ... A. The Proper Definition of Sub-Orbital Objects (and Flights) ... B. The Proper Interpretation of “into Earth Orbit or Beyond” ... C. Conclusion: The Proper Scope of the Registration Convention\nVIII. Revisiting an Old Acquaintance: The Issue of Delimitation of Outer Space ... A. Relating “into Earth Orbit or Beyond” to “in Outer Space” ... B. Defining “Earth Orbit or Beyond” as a “Precise” Geographic Concept ... C. Convergence on 100 Kilometers as the Lower Boundary for Applying the Registration Convention\nIX. Applying the Registration Convention to Manned Suborbital Spaceflight ... A. The Difference between Private Manned Commercial and Other Sub-Orbital Spaceflight ... B. Towards a Proper “Space Traffic Management” System under the Registration Convention ... C. The U.S. Example of Handling Private Commercial Sub-Orbital Spaceflights\nX. Concluding Remarks
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.013 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.033 | 0.019 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".