Cultivated mushrooms: Disease control in mushroom industry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) and shii-take (Lentinus edodes) are the most commonly cultivated basidiomycetes worldwide. The production of fruiting bodies is severely afflicted by fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens that can cause diseases which have an effect on yield and quality. Major A. bisporus fungal pathogens are Mycogone perniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicola, and Cladobotryum with two species mycophillum and dendroides, causal agents of dry bubble, wet bubble, and cobweb disease, respectively. Various Trichoderma species are the causal organisms of green mould, affecting all three edible mushrooms. The usual method of controlling of diseases on farms worldwide is based on the use of fungicides. However, development of pathogen resistance to fungicides after frequent application and host sensitivity to fungicides are serious problems. For improvement of crop protection and reduction of production costs, the effects of some new fungicides are being tested. The strains of edible mushrooms that were recently commonly cultivated seem to be more tolerant to fungicides in vitro than the earlier commercial strains. Resistance to benzimidazole fungicides has developed and the number of available fungicides is decreasing. Since studies of fungicides efficacy on cultivated mushrooms by agrochemical companies are very rare, only few fungicides are officially recommended in mushroom industry: prochloraz in EU countries, and chlorothalonil, thiabendazol and tiophanate-methyl in US and Canada. Decreased sensitivity of L. fungicola to prochloraz was noted. Also, inefficiency of this fungicide was recorded in experimental growing room, at a level of spotting symptoms of cobweb disease. However, with regard to resistance development, harm to the environment and human health, special attention should be focused on good programme of hygiene. The introduction of new fungicides of biological origin creates new possibilities for crop protection from fungal pathogens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".