Different phytoplasmas infecting purple coneflower in Italy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. (Asteraceae family), purple coneflower, is an ornamental species widely cultivated as medicinal plant having different biological activities, in particular nonspecific immunostimolatory and wound healing properties. Flower symptoms, including stunting, virescence, phyllody and abnormal flower bud proliferation, have been described in USA, Canada and Europe. Different phytoplasmas, mainly belonging to diverse subgroups (16SrI-A, 16SrI-B and 16SrI-C) in the ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ group, were associated with these symptoms. During surveys carried out in May/June 2008 symptoms possibly related to phytoplasma presence were observed in two areas of Emilia-Romagna region. Almost 50% of purple coneflowers obtained by seeds and grown in the open field at the Herb Garden of Casola Valsenio (Ravenna province), showed virescence and stunting of the plants; while at the herb garden of the Bologna Agriculture Faculty severe symptoms including phyllody, proliferation of axillary shots and flower abnormalities were observed in one plant out of ten. Based on RFLP analyses of the 16Sr DNA PCR products phytoplasmas belonging to subgroups 16SrI-B and 16SrIX-C were identified in Casola Valsenio samples, but not in mixed infection. In samples from Bologna only 16SrIX-C phytoplasma were identified. This is the first report of these phytoplasmas in purple coneflower; the 16SrIX-C phytoplasmas were also identified in asymptomatic samples of Taraxacum and Amaranthus collected in vineyards in Modena province, while in malformed Amaranthus samples collected near to infected purple coneflower plants 16SrIX phytoplasmas detected differed from 16SrIX-C for a TaqI restriction profile. Further phytoplasma characterization to verify epidemiological aspects is in progress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".