Effectiveness of Quadruple Fortified Salt Compared to Double and Single Fortified Salts in Improving Haemoglobin Levels Among Moderately Anemic Women Aged 18–49 Years in Rural Low Resource Setting: Randomized Clinical Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Paschal Mdoe,1 Venkatesh Mannar,2 Museveni Justine,1 Godfrey Guga,1 Rose Gadiye,1 Vincent Assey,3 Caroline Kimathi,1 Fatma Abdallah,3 John Paschal,1 Estomih Mduma,1 Levente Diosady2 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Manyara, Tanzania; 2Department of Food Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; 3Department of Food and Nutrition, Tanzania Food and Nutrition Center, Dar Es Salaam, TanzaniaCorrespondence: Paschal Mdoe, P.O. Box 9000, Manyara, Tanzania, Tel +255754429346, Email pfmdoe@gmail.comBackground: Micronutrients (iron, iodine, vitamin B12 and folate) deficiency is prevalent globally affecting more than two billion people majority being from low- and middle-income countries. Women of reproductive age are in an increased risk of iron deficiency. About 29.4% of women aged 15– 49 years worldwide are estimated to be affected by iron deficiency. Food fortification with micronutrients is important in addressing micronutrients deficiency.Aim: To evaluate if the quadruple fortified with iodine, iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid (QFS), will be more effective in improving the hemoglobin level of women aged 18 to 49 years compared to the double fortified with iodine and iron (DFS) and iodized salt in rural Tanzania.Methods: A double-blinded three-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted between July 2020 and December 2021 at the Haydom Lutheran Hospital catchment area. We randomized women aged 18– 49 years with haemoglobin between 8 and 12 g/dl who were neither pregnant nor lactating into three groups 55 Iodized salts (IS), 57 Double fortified salt (DFS), and 57 quadruple fortified salt (QFS). The participants used study salt for 10 months.Results: Over the ten months of use of study salts, the overall mean haemoglobin level of women was significantly higher in QFS by 0.43g/dl compared to IS. The ferritin levels were significantly higher in QFS and DFS by 9.60ng/mL and 9.09ng/mL, respectively, compared to IS. Vitamin B12 was insignificantly higher in QFS by 52.19pg/mL compared to DFS, and folate concentration were insignificantly higher in QFS by 7.57nmoL/L and 4.51nmoL/L compared to DFS and IS groups, respectively.Conclusion: Salt fortification with iron, iodine, folate, and Vitamin B12 is feasible and has the potential to increase the serum ferritin, Vitamin B12 and folate levels with subsequent improvement of haemoglobin levels of individuals with relatively low haemoglobin.ClinicalTrial.org Number: NCT04404751.Keywords: iron-deficiency anemia, iodine, iron, vitamin B12, folate
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.009 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".