Emerging-Market\tMultinational\tEnterprises,\tHuman\tRights,\tand\tSustainable\tDevelopment:\t Lessons\tfrom\tthe\tCanadian\tExperience
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper will explore the dynamics of home State policies and practices relating to multinational enterprises in the extractive industries. The paper will first outline the Canadian experience, with a view to understanding the potential relationship between home State regulation and international frameworks. The content of the international corporate social responsibility (CSR) frameworks referenced in the Canadian context will also be examined. Second, the paper will explore the extent to which the international CSR frameworks that Canada has chosen to promote to extractive sector companies might also be appropriate frameworks for emerging market economies and their multinational enterprises to endorse. This part will ask whether and to what extent emerging market countries have participated in the creation of these frameworks, such that these frameworks could be viewed as legitimate standards for an emerging market country to apply to both domestic and international operations of their enterprises.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".