Heritage at Risk: the Dual Challenge for States in Reconciling Cultural and Investment Protection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Investing in preservation or preserving investment? States are caught in a delicate balance. On one hand, in order to create a favorable investment climate, they could be tempted to ease cultural protection regulations. On the other, if they choose to enforce stricter measures to protect heritage, this could result in disputes where investors’ economic interests are compromised, and their rights potentially violated. States are therefore presented with a complex dilemma, as the protection of cultural heritage clashes with the pursuit of investment or development projects by foreign investors. However, the situation is rarely so clear-cut. Instead, it is worth exploring whether these two seemingly opposing forces could be complementary. Just as foreign investment seeks to foster development, culture is increasingly recognized as an essential driver of social, political and economic development. This raises a critical question: how can States reconcile the protection of investments with the preservation of their cultural heritage through the mechanisms of international investment law?
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.019 | 0.012 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.010 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".