The involvement of G(alpha)s proteins and integrins in the cellular immune responses of a lepidopteran insect, «Galleria mellonella»
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, is used extensively as a model to study innate immunity. The multicellular process of nodulation acts to isolate large numbers of small microbes (bacteria and yeasts) in the open circulatory system (hemocoel) of the insect and is directed by the main immune blood cell (hemocyte) types, the granular cells and the plasmatocytes. G proteins and their downstream products have been implicated in both early (hemocyte-microbe adhesion) and late (humoral) immune responses, however, their involvement in hemocyte-hemocyte interactions leading to nodule formation is not known. Herein, I treated hemocytes with an AB5 protein, whole cholera toxin (CTX), known to stimulate the Gαs subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins and is responsible for activating adenylate cyclase and elevating intracellular cAMP in mammalian neutrophils. CTX caused a bimodal increase in hemocytes per in vitro microaggregate and nodule frequency in vivo, wherein increasing high cholera toxin concentrations induced these effects, while low concentrations induced levels of hemocytes per in vitro microaggregate and nodule frequency similar to the highest concentration of CTX, but the hemocytes showed reduced substratum-related adhesion. CTX-dependent bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) removal from the insect hemocoel was inversely correlated with nodule frequency. The cholera toxin B-subunit was responsible for the effects of CTX at higher concentrations, while isolated cholera toxin A-subunit had no effect on the hemocytes. In vitro CTX-induced, hemocyte microaggregate formation was inhibited by RGD peptides, suggesting the involvement of integrins. Human integrin antibodies to αv, β3, α5, and β1 bound integrin-like molecules from unseparated, whole hemocyte lysates and labeled both the granular cells and plasmatocytes adhering to coverslips. The anti-α5 integrin labeled the junction between interacting granular cells and plasmatocytes, the frequency of this labeli
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".